What toxin does Dinophysis produce?

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The associated toxins produced by the Dinophysis dinoflagellates are okadaic acid and its derivatives. At least nine toxins are produced by these dinoflagellates that bind to intestinal epithelial cells and increase their permeability; these have collectively been called pectenotoxins.

Where is Dinophysis found?

Dinophysis is a genus of dinoflagellates common in tropical, temperate, coastal and oceanic waters.

What is Dinophysis caudata?

Dinophysis caudata is an armoured, marine, planktonic dinoflagellate species. It is a bloom-forming species associated with massive fish kills. It is commonly found world-wide in subtropical and tropical neritic waters.

What type of phytoplankton is Dinophysis?

Dinophysis fortii is a photosynthetic dinoflagellate.

What causes paralytic shellfish poisoning?

Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) is a naturally occurring marine biotoxin that is produced by some species of microscopic algae. Shellfish eat these algae and can retain the toxin. People can become ill from eating shellfish contaminated with Paralytic Shellfish Poison.

What organisms are affected by DSP?

Although DSP is reported worldwide, the most highly affected areas appear to be Europe and Japan (Aune & Yndstad 1993). The causative organisms are the marine dinoflagellates Dinophysis, although there is an uneven distribution among species and location of toxin production.

What does prorocentrum Lima do?

Prorocentrum lima is a photosynthetic species containing two chloroplasts, a central pyrenoid and a large posterior nucleus (Figs. 6,7) (Dodge, 1975). Reproduction: Prorocentrum lima reproduces asexually by binary fission in which each new daughter cell sheds the parent cell theca and produces two new valves.

Is Dinophysis phytoplankton?

Although North American waters have historically been free of Dinophysis blooms and associated DSP poisoning events, Dinophysis species can be a common component of marine phytoplankton.

What is shellfish toxin called?

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison (DSP) is a marine biotoxin toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Dinophysis, which is a type of naturally occurring microscopic algae. Shellfish eat these algae and can retain the toxin. People can become ill from eating shellfish contaminated with Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison.

What are the effects of shellfish poisoning?

AMNESIC SHELLFISH POISONING In most cases, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain develop within 24 hours of eating toxic shellfish, followed by headache, memory loss, and cognitive impairment. In severe cases there may be hypotension, arrhythmias, ophthalmoplegia, coma, and death.

What toxin causes DSP?

What are the toxins in Dinophysis?

Dinophysis have cryptophyte-like pigments and at least seven species of Dinophysis contain diarrheic shellfish toxins. Toxic Dinophysis produce okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, and pectenotoxins, which inhibit protein phosphatase and produce diarrhea.

What is the meaning of the name Dinophysis?

Toxic Dinophysis produce okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, and pectenotoxins, which inhibit protein phosphatase and cause diarrhea. The etymology of this genus name comes from Greek, Dino comes from ” deinos ” ( δεινός) meaning terrible and ” physis ” ( φύσις) meaning nature.

Why are Dinophysis a threat to shellfish?

Dinophysis are a threat to shellfish aquaculture due to toxic lipophilic shellfish toxins that they produce. Dinophysis have cryptophyte-like pigments and at least seven species of Dinophysis contain diarrheic shellfish toxins.

Is Dinophysis a plankton or fish?

Although most Dinophysis are marine and planktonic, some have been found in coastal lagoons Dinophysis caudata feed on ciliates, specifically Mesodinium rubrum through myzocytosis. Picophytoplankton, bacteria, and cryptomonads are also likely part of the diet of Dinophysis.